A guided mindfulness-based stress reduction program was as effective as using ‘the gold-standard’ antidepressant drug—escitalopram—for patients with anxiety disorders, according to a first-of-its-kind, randomized clinical trial from Georgetown University Medical Center.
“Mindfulness meditation currently is reimbursed by very few (insurance) providers,” says Elizabeth Hoge, MD, director of the Anxiety Disorders Research Program and associate professor of psychiatry at Georgetown. “Our study provides evidence for clinicians, insurers, and health care systems to recommend and provide reimbursement for mindfulness-based stress reduction as an effective treatment for anxiety disorders.”
“A big advantage of mindfulness meditation is that it doesn’t require a clinical degree to train someone to become a mindfulness facilitator,” explained Dr. Hoge. “Additionally, sessions can be done outside of a medical setting, such as at a school or community center.”
Anxiety disorders can be highly distressing. They include generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic disorder and fear of certain places or situations, including crowds and public transportation, all of which can lead to an increased risk for suicide, disability and distress, and therefore are commonly treated in psychiatric clinics.
Drugs that are currently prescribed for the disorders can be very effective—but many patients either have difficulty getting them, do not respond to them, or find the side effects (including nausea, sexual dysfunction, and drowsiness) a barrier to consistent treatment.
Standardized mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), can decrease anxiety, but prior to this study, the interventions had not been studied in comparison to effective anti-anxiety drugs.
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The clinicians recruited 276 patients between June 2018 and February 2020 from three hospitals in Boston, New York City and Washington, D.C., and randomly assigned people to either MBSR or the common antidepressant drug escitalopram. MBSR was offered weekly for eight weeks via 2 1/2-hour in-person classes, plus a daylong retreat weekend class during the 5th or 6th week, and 45-minute daily home practice exercises.
Patients’ anxiety symptoms were assessed upon enrollment and again at completion of the intervention at eight weeks, along with post-treatment assessments at 12 and 24 weeks after enrollment—and the evaluators did not know which group the patients were in.
At the end of the trial, 102 patients had completed MBSR and 106 had completed their medication course. The patients had a mean age of 33, and included 156 women, who comprised 75% of the enrollees, mirroring the disease prevalence in the U.S.
Both groups saw a reduction in their anxiety symptoms (a 1.35 point average reduction for MBSR and 1.43 point reduction for the drug, which is a statistically equivalent outcome), dropping from a mean of about 4.5 for both, which translates to a significant 30% drop in the severity of peoples’ anxiety.
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Olga Cannistraro, 52, says she utilizes her MBSR techniques as needed, but more than a decade ago, the practice transformed her life. She was selected for an MBSR study after responding to an advertisement asking, “Do you worry?”
“I didn’t think of myself as anxious — I just thought my life was stressful because I had taken on too much,” she recalls. “But I thought, ‘Yeah, I do worry.’ There was something excessive about the way I responded to my environment.”
After participating in an earlier study led by Hoge, she learned two key MBSR techniques. “It gave me the tools to spy on myself. Once you have awareness of an anxious reaction, then you can make a choice for how to deal with it. It’s not like a magic cure, but it was a lifelong kind of training. Instead of my anxiety progressing, it went in the other direction, and I’m very grateful for that.”
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“It is important to note that although mindfulness meditation works, not everyone is willing to invest the time and effort to successfully complete all of the necessary sessions and do regular home practice, which enhances the effect,” Hoge said. “Also, virtual delivery via videoconference is likely to be effective, so long as the ‘live’ components are retained, such as question-and-answer periods and group discussion.”
Hoge, first author of the study published this week in JAMA Psychiatry, points out that there are many phone apps that offer guided meditation, however researchers don’t know how apps compare with the full in-person, weekly group class experience.
The researchers conducted a second phase of the study during the pandemic that involved moving the treatments to an online videoconference, and that will be the focus of future analyses. The researchers also hope to explore the effects of MBSR on sleep and depression.
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One scientific study discovered that a brief 10 to 15 minute guided meditation daily “decreased negative mood state and enhanced attention, working memory, and recognition memory.” This study suggests that even one short daily meditation practice can have similar behavioral effects as longer duration meditation practices.